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'Distinct patterns emerge when comparing sustained and transient infections. Transiently infected participants have a robust type of antiviral defence response termed a type I interferon (IFN-I) response in the nasal mucosal tissue shortly after viral exposure (day 1 after infection), potentially contributing to viral removal. By contrast, participants who had sustained infection showed delayed (only starting on day 5 after infection) mucosal IFN-I responses, as well as delays in immune-cell infiltration into the nasopharynx, indicating an impaired innate antiviral response at the site of initial viral inoculation and replication.'
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